云服务器搭建Docker

系统环境

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~# cat /etc/os-release
PRETTY_NAME="Ubuntu 24.04 LTS"
NAME="Ubuntu"
VERSION_ID="24.04"
VERSION="24.04 LTS (Noble Numbat)"
VERSION_CODENAME=noble
ID=ubuntu
ID_LIKE=debian
HOME_URL="https://www.ubuntu.com/"
SUPPORT_URL="https://help.ubuntu.com/"
BUG_REPORT_URL="https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/"
PRIVACY_POLICY_URL="https://www.ubuntu.com/legal/terms-and-policies/privacy-policy"
UBUNTU_CODENAME=noble
LOGO=ubuntu-logo
~# uname -a
Linux VM-4-13-ubuntu 6.8.0-71-generic #71-Ubuntu SMP PREEMPT_DYNAMIC Tue Jul 22 16:52:38 UTC 2025 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux

搭建Docker

安装Docker

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# 1. 执行以下命令，添加 Docker 软件源
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install ca-certificates curl -y
sudo install -m 0755 -d /etc/apt/keyrings
sudo curl -fsSL https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/docker-ce/linux/ubuntu/gpg -o /etc/apt/keyrings/docker.asc
sudo chmod a+r /etc/apt/keyrings/docker.asc
echo   "deb [arch=$(dpkg --print-architecture) signed-by=/etc/apt/keyrings/docker.asc] https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/docker-ce/linux/ubuntu/ \
  $(. /etc/os-release && echo "$VERSION_CODENAME") stable" |   sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/docker.list > /dev/null
sudo apt-get update

# 2. 执行以下命令，安装 Docker
sudo apt-get install -y docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io docker-buildx-plugin docker-compose-plugin

# 3. 执行以下命令，运行 Docker
sudo systemctl start docker

# 4. 执行以下命令，检查安装结果
sudo docker info
# 返回如下信息，即表示安装成功
<<'CONTENT'
Client: Docker Engine - Community
 Version:    29.3.0
 Context:    default
 Debug Mode: false
 Plugins:
  buildx: Docker Buildx (Docker Inc.)
    Version:  v0.31.1
    Path:     /usr/libexec/docker/cli-plugins/docker-buildx
  compose: Docker Compose (Docker Inc.)
    Version:  v5.1.0
    Path:     /usr/libexec/docker/cli-plugins/docker-compose

Server:
 Containers: 0
  Running: 0
  Paused: 0
  Stopped: 0
 Images: 0
 Server Version: 29.3.0
 Storage Driver: overlayfs
  driver-type: io.containerd.snapshotter.v1
 Logging Driver: json-file
 Cgroup Driver: systemd
 Cgroup Version: 2
 Plugins:
  Volume: local
  Network: bridge host ipvlan macvlan null overlay
  Log: awslogs fluentd gcplogs gelf journald json-file local splunk syslog
 CDI spec directories:
  /etc/cdi
  /var/run/cdi
 Swarm: inactive
 Runtimes: runc io.containerd.runc.v2
 Default Runtime: runc
 Init Binary: docker-init
 containerd version: 301b2dac98f15c27117da5c8af12118a041a31d9
 runc version: v1.3.4-0-gd6d73eb8
 init version: de40ad0
 Security Options:
  apparmor
  seccomp
   Profile: builtin
  cgroupns
 Kernel Version: 6.8.0-71-generic
 Operating System: Ubuntu 24.04 LTS
 OSType: linux
 Architecture: x86_64
 CPUs: 2
 Total Memory: 3.637GiB
 Name: VM-4-13-ubuntu
 ID: 7ba0d015-bc67-4fdf-aa10-22fb3cef9c62
 Docker Root Dir: /var/lib/docker
 Debug Mode: false
 Experimental: false
 Insecure Registries:
  ::1/128
  127.0.0.0/8
 Live Restore Enabled: false
 Firewall Backend: iptables
CONTENT

Docker配置文件

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sudo mkdir -p /etc/docker

sudo tee /etc/docker/daemon.json <<EOF
{
  "builder": {
    "gc": {
      "defaultKeepStorage": "50GB",
      "enabled": true
    }
  },
  "experimental": false
  ]
}
EOF
sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl restart docker

Docker换源

非必要，只在pull失败的时候才换源，因为原本正常的可能会因为换源失败

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sudo mkdir -p /etc/docker
# sudo tee /etc/docker/daemon.json <<EOF
# {
#     "registry-mirrors": [
#         "https://docker.m.daocloud.io"
#     ]
# }
# EOF
sudo tee /etc/docker/daemon.json <<EOF
{
  "builder": {
    "gc": {
      "defaultKeepStorage": "50GB",
      "enabled": true
    }
  },
  "experimental": false,
  "registry-mirrors": [
    "https://docker.m.daocloud.io"
  ]
}
EOF
sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl restart docker

# docker pull docker.m.daocloud.io/library/mysql:5.7
sudo docker pull nginx

更健壮的源

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sudo mkdir -p /etc/docker
# sudo tee /etc/docker/daemon.json <<EOF
# {
#     "registry-mirrors": [
#         "https://docker.m.daocloud.io"
#     ]
# }
# EOF
sudo tee /etc/docker/daemon.json <<EOF
{
  "builder": {
    "gc": {
      "defaultKeepStorage": "50GB",
      "enabled": true
    }
  },
  "experimental": false,
  "proxies": {
    "default": {
      "httpProxy": "http://127.0.0.1:10808",
      "httpsProxy": "http://127.0.0.1:10808",
      "noProxy": "127.0.0.0/8,localhost,::1,docker.m.daocloud.io,registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com"
    }
  },
  "registry-mirrors": [
    "https://docker.m.daocloud.io",
    "https://registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com"
  ]
}
EOF
sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl restart docker

# docker pull docker.m.daocloud.io/library/mysql:5.7
sudo docker pull nginx

参考链接

3月17日更新 | 2026 最新可用 Docker 国内镜像源加速列表

public-image-mirror

使用 Docker

Docker 的基本使用命令如下：

管理 Docker 守护进程

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# 运行 Docker 守护进程：
sudo systemctl start docker
# 停止 Docker 守护进程：
sudo systemctl stop docker
# 重启 Docker 守护进程：
sudo systemctl restart docker

管理镜像。本文以 Docker Hub 的 Nginx 镜像为例

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sudo docker pull nginx

注意：如果 docker pull 命令报错 “Get "https://registry-1.docker.io/v2/": xxxxx (Client.Timeout exceeded while awaiting headers)” 则说明是网络问题，建议参考使用腾讯云镜像源加速 Docker 更换源。

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# 修改标签：您可以修改镜像标签以便记忆区分。
sudo docker tag docker.io/nginx:latest tencentyun/nginx:v1
# 查看已有镜像：
sudo docker images
# 强制删除镜像：
sudo docker rmi -f tencentyun/nginx:v1

管理容器

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# 运行并进入容器：
sudo docker run -it ImageId /bin/bash
# 其中，ImageId 可通过执行 docker images 命令获取。直接退出当前 SSH 连接的窗口或者通过 “Ctrl+p 接 Ctrl+q” 组合按键将进入的容器放到后台。

# 在后台运行的容器里新执行一个 bash 进程：
sudo docker exec -it 容器 ID /bin/bash
# 通过执行 exit 命令退出 bash 进程。

# 查看后台容器：
sudo docker ps    # 查看运行中的容器
sudo docker ps -a # 查看所有容器

# 重新启动已退出的容器：
docker start <容器 ID>
# 已退出的容器可以用 sudo docker ps -a 命令查询到，命令输出的 STATUS 列包含 “Exited” 的就是已退出的容器。

将容器做成镜像

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sudo docker commit <容器 ID 或容器名> [<仓库名>[:<标签>]]
# 例如：
sudo docker commit 1c23456cd7**** tencentyun/nginx:v2

参考链接

云服务器搭建Docker | 腾讯云